The United Nations Targets For Ocean Sustainability

1. The United Nations targets for ocean sustainability are measurable when looking at 14.1, 14.2, 14.3, 14.4, 14.5 and 14.6. This is due to that fact that the United Nations is able to create a base level in order to look at the major contributors to these issues this can be then simplified as these contributors are the human population. For example, when look at target 14.3 which deals with the eminent of fossil fuels, fossil fuels are cause by production run by humans. Allowing humans to have control over how many fossil fuels they want to eminent on a daily basis. Another example of a target that can be measurable is 14.4 as it deals with the issue of over fishing and the use of fish stocks. This target is measurable as The United Nations is able to measure fish stocks and will be able to measure them ten years from now to see if the laws put in place are positively affecting our worlds oceans. They will be able to check the harvest growth pattern that the fish stocks provide in o rder to catch illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing. There are however targets under The Unites Nations goal that are not measurable this can be seen when looking at targets 14.7,14. a,14. b and 14.c. I believe that these goals are unable to be measured due to that fact for example in 14.7 there is no quantification in dollars or percentages as it is looking at economic benefits of developing states. When looking at the other targets they are to general and have no specific goal (i.e. date)Show MoreRelatedEnvironmental Impacts Of The Sustainability Goals976 Words   |  4 PagesIn order for the sustainability goals to be successful and meaningful, the targets must be measurable. By nature, some of the targets are more measurable than others. It is easy to measure those that are quantitative as the goals are very precise. Target 14.1, to reduce marine pollution of all kinds can be measured by surveying micro-plastic concentrations in seawater and marine life (Global Ocean Comm ission 2). Similarly, the goal of minimizing acidification can be measured by collecting pH samplesRead MoreThe Impacts Of Ocean Acidification1336 Words   |  6 Pages2020, sustainably manage and protect marine and coastal ecosystems to avoid significant adverse impacts, including by strengthening their resilience, and take action for their restoration, to achieve healthy and productive oceans 14.3 minimize and address the impacts of ocean acidification, including through enhanced scientific cooperation at all levels 14.4 by 2020, effectively regulate harvesting, and end overfishing, illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing and destructive fishing practicesRead MoreResult of Overfishing in the Pacific Ocean1381 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Over-fishing in the Pacific Ocean: As the human population continues to increase rapidly across the globe, the demand for food also continues to increase significantly. One of the major ways that humans have used to meet the ever-increasing demand for food is over-fishing, which has become a huge threat to every species in the ocean and has largely contributed to the huge migrations by marine mammals in their quest for the left over fish. While the use of fish by human beings is not wrong, theRead MoreThe United Nations ( Un ) Conference On Sustainable Development1236 Words   |  5 PagesThe United Nations (UN) Conference on Sustainable Development in 2012 led to the proposal for sustainable development goals. The focus of this paper will be on Goal 14, â€Å"Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development† (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, n.d.). Are the Targets Truly Measurable? The targets (1-7) of Goal 14 are designed to provide ways to monitor the progress of this goal. Generally, these targets do this, howeverRead MoreSustainable Development ( United Nations, 2015 )1078 Words   |  5 PagesGoal 14 addresses the issue of conserving and sustainably using the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development (United Nations, 2015). There are seven targets that are used to achieve success for this goal. The targets that are truly measurable are targets 14.1, 14.3, 14.5, 14.6 and 14.7. Target 14.1 is truly measurable because firstly, marine pollution in the form of debris visibly fills the oceans and seas and can therefore be tracked to see how the amount changes with everyRead MoreEnvironmental Impacts Of Ocean Acidification866 Words   |  4 PagesThis target is measurable. Most of the water pollution comes from source points (factories, wastewater, refineries) before they get released to the ocean. It is not possible to measure effectively t he pollution in the ocean but measuring the pollution outcome from the points sources is possible. This target is not measurable. It is instead a result that is led by various efforts (achieving other targets will indeed lead to that). This target is measurable but not directly. Ocean acidificationRead MoreEnvironmental Objectives Of The United Nations1074 Words   |  5 PagesThe United Nations has recently worked on establishing goals each with specific targets regarding sustainable development. Goal 14: Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development, and its associated targets will be analysed for measurability and thoroughness. Targets The 7 targets associated with goal 14 focus on 4 themes. Targets 1 and 3 focus on reducing pollution, targets 2 and 5 focus on protecting ecosystems, targets 4 and 6 focus on overfishingRead MoreThe Importance of Biodiversity Loss1087 Words   |  4 Pagesregion too warm for coral to survive), and pollution. The loss of the reefs adversely affects Caribbean economies, which depend largely on fishing and ecological maritime tourism to survive. 3) Studies in Singapore have concluded that the island nation has lost 73% of its native plants and animals in the past two hundred years, mostly as a result of habitat destruction, the introduction of foreign and invasive species, and hunting, and may lose 77% of the remaining species by the end of the centuryRead MoreThe Impacts of Overfishing in the Pacific Ocean3257 Words   |  13 Pagesï » ¿Research on Overfishing in the Pacific Ocean: The demand for food across the globe continues to increase as the human population continues to increase. For human populations, particularly people in the poorest countries across the globe, fish is an important source of nourishment and food given the increase in the demand for food. As a result, fisheries catches represent a huge export of energy and mass that can no longer be utilized by trophic levels that are higher than those fished. SinceRead MoreEssay on The Great Pacific Garbage Patch1288 Words   |  6 Pagesbeach can be astounding, a spectacular scene is not the only benefit oceans provide. Without the oceans, we would not have adequate amounts of oxygen to breathe or enough protein to eat. The Earths climate would not be inhabitable for human beings and many animals. The oceans supply medicines, food and drinking water which arise from ocean processes. Out of the five oceans, the Pacific Ocean is the world’s largest and deepest ocean. It spreads over an area of 165.2 million square kilometers. More than

New Theistic Natural Existentialism Essay - 1264 Words

Philosophy is an activity of thought and a study of wisdom. While not everyone may understand or comprehend philosophy, they do have their own philosophical perspective or view of the world. A â€Å"worldview† is a â€Å"commitment, a fundamental orientation of the heart, that can be expressed as a story or in a set of presuppositions that we hold about the basic constitution of reality, and that provides the foundation on which we live and move and have our own being† (Sire, 20). Worldviews consist of a prime reality, a nature of external reality, a definition of a human being, an explanation for what happens to humans when they die, an explanation for how it is possible to know anything, an explanation for how humans know right from wrong, and an†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"This also allows humans to have personality, self-transcendence, intelligence, morality, gregariousness, and creativity† (Sire, 35). God’s character is good. Therefore humans can feel what good is like and can decide whether or not to do evil. Every human is interconnected with each other and God but not all are aware of it. After death humans go to either heaven or hell. â€Å"For each person death is either the gate to life with God and his people or the gate to eternal separation from the only thing that will ultimately fulfill human aspirations† (Sire, 41).This depends on if they believe in the teachings of God and lived by them. It does not matter if an individual was never aware of the religion itself, just that they followed the same path. The meaning of humans’ historical relationship with God is that they can decide who what they want to be for themselves but may receive guidance from God if they are open to it. There is peace in living one moment at a time and perceiving everything in different ways. â€Å"None of which is any ‘truer’ than the other† (Sire, 197). The Bible is not only a record of this relationship but revelations from God about human nature. The information in the Bible is mostly not taken literally just religiously. If passages are taken literally then â€Å"their meaning is not in their facticity but in what they indicate about human nature and our relationship to GodShow MoreRelatedEthics and Worldviews1417 Words   |  6 Pagesof this inadequate understanding of God meant that the God of deism became simply â€Å"the clockmaker† of a closed universe closed to human reordering. In this closed universe, everything is as God planned it to be, and humanity is unf allen and in a natural state, for it would be an insult to the omniscient God to believe that He had made a mistake in the original plan. In terms of ethics, this universe and idea of God actually destroys any possibility of ethics. If whatever exists is as God plannedRead MoreHolly Golightly as an existential protagonist Essay1911 Words   |  8 Pagesboth American literature and classical, American cinema . With this analysis, Holly Golightly must be broken down to obtain a further glance into the numerous existential elements she inhibits. It may be normal darling: but Id rather be natural-Golightly. From the get go, Golightly expresses herself to the narrator like an open book. Her fears, insecurities, and wants are the basis of most conversations both these characters share. You know the days when you get the mean reds? The meanRead MoreThe Universe Next Door Essay1319 Words   |  6 PagesPurpose of book 1. outline basic worldviews underlying way we in west think about selves. 2. trace historically how worldviews have developed from breakdown in theistic worldview, moving in turn into deism, naturalism, nihilism, existentialism, eastern mysticism, new consciousness of New age and Islam recent infusion from Middle East. 3. show how postmodernism puts a twist on worldviews 4. encourage us all to think in terms of worldviews with consciousness of not only our own way ofRead MoreA Critical Analysis of Platos and Sartres Views on Existence1812 Words   |  8 Pagesresponsible for their actions. But if we are not in the position to choose our destiny as Plato held, then such belief will be incoherent. Jean Paul Sartre’s views on existence Jean- Paul Sartre was an exponent of existentialism as a philosophical position. Existentialism according to Stumpf and Fieser (2008: G-3)) â€Å"is a movement in twentieth philosophy which claims that people have no identity until they have made decisions and have chosen their work and have thereby defined themselves†.Read MoreExistentialism vs Essentialism23287 Words   |  94 PagesEssentialism vs. Existentialism Essentialism: A belief that things have a set of characteristics that make them what they are, amp; that the task of science and philosophy is their discovery amp; expression; the doctrine that essence is prior to existence While, Existentialism:A philosophical theory or approach, that emphasizes the existence of the individual person as a free amp; responsible agent, determining their own development through acts of the will. Existentialism * isRead MoreIndian English Novel17483 Words   |  70 PagesMulk Raj Anand in his Coolie, the imaginary village life with its entire unedited realities in R.K. Narayan`s Malgudi Days and last but not the least the aura of Gandhism depicted by Raja Rao in his remarkable novel Kanthapura portrayed a whole new India. The need of the `foreigners` depicting India amidst their write ups was not needed as Indians wanted to portray India through their Indian English. That was the beginning of the voyage and with time it gained maturity. Not just the daily lives

The Emerging field of nanoscale science, engineering and technology Free Essays

string(85) " cannot penetrate with ease individual atoms of the specimen because ions are large\." 1.0 Introduction The Emerging field of nanoscale science, engineering and technology – that is the ability to work at the atomic, molecular and supramolecular levels, to create large structures with fundamentally new properties and functions have lead to an unrivalled understanding and control over basic building blocks of all natural and man-made things [roco]. This rapid advancement has lead to an increased demand for technological development on a nanoscale, which has brought about the birth and improvement of infrastructural changes aimed at representing and observing these features. We will write a custom essay sample on The Emerging field of nanoscale science, engineering and technology or any similar topic only for you Order Now The world wide focus over this time has been the evolution of methods including SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope), TEM (Transmission Electron Microscope), FIB (Focus Ion Beam) etcetera for the detailing of features at the nanoscale. 1.1 History of the Focus Ion Beam (FIB) Technology Focus Ion Beam (FIB) systems have been commercially produced, mostly for manufacturers of large semiconductors for about 20 years [www.fibics.com]. In 1982, Anazawa et al. produced a 35Kv Ga- source and about three years later Orloff and Sudruad proposed FIB system for implantation and lithography [sudruad], even though as of 1959, Feyman had suggested the use of ion beams [www.nanofib.com]. In 1985, Kato et al. have pointed out the advantages of the FIB technology in the fabrication of sub-micro structures. 1.2 Operational Overview The operation of the FIB are same as that of SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope), except that the focus ion beam system employs the use of focussed beam of ions instead of beam of electrons utilised in the SEM systems[]. Commercialised nanoscience is limited by availability of tools. Using focussed ion beam system allows specified fabrication and imaging abilities which reduces greatly the characterization cycles and development required in the nano-technological field by scientist. The capabilities within focus ion beam ( FIB) are valued highly for rapid prototyping application. The deposition combination / direct etching of FIB in combination with digitally addressed patterning system allows nano prototyping engine with capabilities that will help researches in nano technology , because the operation of FIB is on both micro and nano scale, it can be used in creating the required structures. FIB has precised control over deposition and milling parameter and as such, it is the proper tool for creating small structures for nano technology in the top –down approach. It is a highly flexible, mask-less technique which is fast for serial techniques, thus allowing the FIB instrument very efficient for design modifications. Most conventional methods of sample preparation used today in life sciences are compatible with investigations by using FIB. 1.3 Using Focus Ion Beam Systems The direct applicability obtained in using FIB instrument is highly relevant in industrial applications. FIB instrument and its application have contributed immensely to industrial researches carried out in several analysis laboratories – For instance in the polymer industry, metallurgy industry, nuclear research etcetera. The ability to image, mill and deposit material by using FIB instrument depends largely on the nature of the ion beam- solid interactions. Milling occurs as a result of physical sputtering of the target. In understanding the mechanism of sputtering we need to consider the interaction between an ion beam and the target. Sputtering usually takes place when there is elastic collision in series when momentum is transferred from the incident ions to the target atoms in the region of collision cascade. Ionization of a portion of the ejected atoms can be collected for mass analysis or image formation. Production of plasmons (in metals), phonons and emission of seco ndary electrons can occur as a result of inelastic scattering. Imaging in the focus ion beam is carried out by detecting the secondary ions/electrons typically, sputtering in focus ion beam processes occurs within energy ranges that are dominated by nuclear energy losses. Focus Ion beam devices are used to scan the surfaces of samples using simple focussed ion beams. The detection of secondary ions allows the processed surface of samples and microscopic images to be observed. The ion beam is generated by using liquid metal ion source (LMIS) when a beam of ion is irradiated on the surface of a specimen by finding the secondary ions with a detector – a two dimensional distribution which shows the microscopic images of the surface of the specimen can be observed. 1.4 The Focus Ion Beam Instrument The Operation of the FIB technology uses a similar principle as the SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) / TEM (Transmission Electron Microscope) but differs in the use of ions and this introduces consequences of enormous magnitude for interaction which occur at the surface of the specimen. Using Focus Ion Beam (FIB) instrument involves two major parameters – penetration of ion into material and the rate of sputtering of ion of the material. When the emitted liquid metal ion source (LMIS) primary ion beam hits the surface of the specimen, it splutters a small amount of material this will leave the specimen surface as either neutral atoms or secondary ions – Secondary beams are also produced using the primary beam. Signals from the sputtered ion or secondary electron are collected to produce an image as the primary beam raster on the specimen surface. Liquid metal ion source (LMIS) development is crucial for the development of Focus Ion Beam (FIB) [www.dspace.cam.ac.uk] , application of electric field that are very high into a steering quadrupole, octupole deflector, two electrostatic lenses in the column to focus ions in a beam and scan the beam on the specimen. Liquid metal ions source (LMIS) generates ions; these ions are focussed on electrostatic lenses. When specimen surfaces are bombarded using ions that have been extracted from the liquid metal ion source (LMIS) this generates ions, secondary electron and sputtered material and the various generated items serve different purpose in the focus ion beam. At high primary currents a large amount of material can be removed by sputtering thus allowing precision milling of the specimen down to the submicron scale, while less material is removed at low primary beam currents. The use of ions in focus ion beam instruments means that they cannot penetrate with ease individual atoms of the specimen because ions are large. You read "The Emerging field of nanoscale science, engineering and technology" in category "Essay examples" So interaction usually occurs within outer shell interaction which causes chemical band breakage of the substrate atom and atomic ionization. Inner shell electrons of the specimen cannot be reached by an incoming ion. The probability of an interaction with atoms that are within the specimen is much higher because of the large ion size and this result in rapid loss of energy of the ion. This means that the depth of penetration is much lower. It should be noted that the main advantage of the Focus Ion beam is its ability to produce image of the sample after which it mills the sample precisely away from the areas that are selected[ ]. 1.41 Ions in Operation Ions are slower when paired to electrons for the same energy, because they are much heavier as a result Lorenz force is lower, so the use of magnetic lenses is less effective, and as such the focussed ion beam instrument is equipped with electro static lenses. Ions are positive, slow, large and heavy; so the resulting ion beam will remove atoms from the substrate and because the size, beam position and dwell time are well controlled, it can be used in the removal of materials locally in a manner that is highly controlled down to the nanoscale. As a result of the actions due to the ions used in the Focus ion beam instrument, fabrication and imaging functions are derived. The fabrication function occurs due to the sputtering while the imaging function arises due to the ions and secondary electrons. 1.42 Gallium (Ga+) Ions The gallium ions are used in the focus ion beam (FIB) instruments for the following reasons [fei]; Due to its surface potential it exhibits very high brightness, the tip sharpness, the flow properties of the gun and the gun construction which results in field emission and ionization. This is an important result for the focussed ion beam. It should be noted that whatever chosen material should be ionized before the formation of the beam and then accelerated. The element Gallium is metallic and because of its low melting temperature is a very convenient material for compact gun construction with limited heating. Gallium is the centre of the periodic table and exhibits an optimal momentum transfer capability for a wide range of materials, lithium which is a higher element will not be sufficient in milling of heavier elements. Gallium element has low analytical interference 2.0 Focus Ion Beam System In the figure below, the FEJ 200 series type F113 of the FIB system is represented. In the figure are the various components of the system which includes the column, the specimen chamber and the detector; 2.1The Column This is situated above the specimen chambers. It is made up of two electrostatic lenses, a set of beam blanking plates, liquid metal ion source (LMIS), a beam acceptance aperture, steering quadrupole, beam defining aperture and an octupole deflector. 2.2 Lens System Coming from the source, the beam goes through a beam acceptance aperture after which it goes into the first lens. Above the beam- defining aperture (BDA), the quadrapole adjust the position of the beam in a manner as to allow the beam move through the center of the beam-defining aperture (BDA). The beam is aligned to the optical axis of the second lens’ quadrapole. Beam astigmatism correction, shift and scanning is provided by the octupole which is positioned below the second lens. Between the second lens assembly and the second lenses steering quadrapole we have the beam blanking assembly. This is made up of aperture and electrical path and blanking plates. Beam blanking provides specimens with protections against constant milling. 2.3 Generation of Image The primary beam is scanned as a raster across the specimen and it is made up of lines in vertical axis (shifted slightly from one another) and lies in the horizontal (in series). With scanning of the beam over the specimen the secondary ions and the secondary electrons that are generated by the specimen are detected. Details of this information are stored in the computer and images are produced from these information. 2.4 Detector, Stage and Gas Injection Control of rotation and X and Y axis is performed by software and it can be tilted to the XY plane manually. Gases of two types are evolved above the surface of the specimen at about 100Â µm of distance. One of these gases is used for platinum deposition and the other for enhanced etch. During bombardment of ion in milling, species that are charged are formed and they are attracted to the detector. A glass of millions of arrays of minute channel electron multiplier is the detector; it is a micro channel plate (MCP). 2.5 Liquid Metal Ion Source (LMIS) LMIS is made of a needle emitter which has an end radius of 1 – 10Â µm. It is coated with high surface tension metal which at its melting point has a low vapour pressure. This emitter is subjected to heating till the melting point of the metal is attained. A positive high voltage is placed on it. Using the balance between the surface tension forces and the electrostatic the liquid metal is drawn into a conical shape. The source that is commonly used is Gallium [dspace.mit.edu]. 2.5 Milling By using the scan control system, polygons, circles and lines can be milled. The table below represents the different beam currents and their corresponding milling spot sizes. The figure below gives us the pixel size and milling spot size and the beam overlap. The overlap can be expressed as the overlapped area where the beam moves from a position to the other. And the time where the beam remains in a position is known as the dwell time. 2.7 Sample Preparation The three main strategies used in the focus ion beam sample preparation of specimen that will be inspected using TEM are: Ex situ lift-out (EXLO) preparation (Centre Image), H-Bar sample preparation (Left image) and In Situ lift-out (INLO) preparation (Right image) [info.omniprobe.com/blog/bid] 2.8 Imaging When ion beam is scanned on the surface of the specimen, it causes ions and electrons to be ejected. After scanning through the surface of the specimen the primary Gallium ion penetrate into the surface of the specimen. The depth of the penetration varies from one material to the other. The secondary electron yield is much higher than secondary ion yield during ion milling and thus is the reason why focus ion beam is usually used in the secondary electron mode. Secondary ions and secondary electrons are obtained within regions that are closer the surface of the specimen. 3.0 Conclusion In their work on the future of focus ion beam, the ORSAYPHYSICS group has shown that field of focus ion beam is open to expansion. Their projections with regards the extent to which focus ion beam can be deployed is shown in the figure below: Fig. Current and Future FIB Technologies Source: http://www.felmi-zfe.tugraz.at/FIB/WS3_Beitraege/01%20Sudraud.pdf The use of FIB has been developed extensively over the years in applications like super conductor, field emission device, accelerometer etcetera. Armed with imaging capability of high resolution as its recently upgraded technologies, the focus ion beam (FIB) instrument is indeed technology that is providing solutions to problems that has been previously unresolved. This heralds the focus ion beam (FIB) instrument as an important device for the future in the nano science, technology and engineering environment. How to cite The Emerging field of nanoscale science, engineering and technology, Essay examples