WItchcraft :: essays research papers

Black magic      In general black magic is witchcraft, the mystical control of the supernormal powers using spells, and the conjuring or summoning of spirits. Wicca is the most widely recognized black magic. During the medieval times and the renaissance, it was characterized as shrewd enchantment. This is the very explanation Joan of Arc was singed at the stake; she was blamed for being a witch. Albeit many believe that it is a religion that venerates the fallen angel, Wicca doesn't have anything to do with loving the villain or Christianity. The most widely recognized type of black magic is finished with the utilization of spells. To set a spell, the individual doing it will set up a special stepped area/table in which to put the candles and images on. The spells comprise of words that can either be recited or recorded in something. The candles are utilized to coordinate the spell towards a particular reason, for example, pink-love, white-recuperating and harmony, and dark demise. The se hues can be utilized for various implications; be that as it may, these are the standard implications. There are numerous different hues out there with their own remarkable implications, as if a spell was being determined to an individual; a light that was their preferred shading could be utilized. The images utilized comprise of charms, pictures, blossoms and effects relying upon the spell being set. These images must speak to the spell and they can't simply be anything done rapidly without thought. For instance, if the individual were attempting to cause their companion to recuperate from an ailment an image of the individual or something that speaks to them would work. Experienced witches use elixirs that comprise of a confounded equation and odd plans. Nearly anything one could consider could be in a witch’s elixir, for example, bat blood, human blood, eyeballs, herbs, flavors, and so forth. So as to have the option to do something amazing one must secure enough inform ation through reflection, and different demonstrations of complete concentration and research, others are simply brought into the world with the regular force. A great many people who have this force set spells for the great and others prosperity; for, any insidious spell one sets will return on them times three. This law is known as the intensity of multiple times three, which must be known before there are any endeavors of setting spells. In spite of the fact that this appears to be an incredible and simple thing, it is exceptionally risky. The words in the spell are taken actually, for example if your spell was set to make somebody disregard you for good, it could make the individual bite the dust.

USS Wasp CV-18 World War II Aircraft Carrier US Navy

USS Wasp CV-18 World War II Aircraft Carrier US Navy USS Wasp (CV-18) was an Essex-class plane carrying warship worked for the US Navy. It saw broad help in the Pacific during World War II and kept on being of administration after the war until it was decommissioned in 1972. Plan Construction Planned during the 1920s and mid 1930s, the US Navys Lexington-and Yorktown-class plane carrying warships were proposed to fit in with the constraints set out by the Washington Naval Treaty. This understanding set limitations on the tonnage of different kinds of warships just as topped each signatorys all out tonnage. These sorts of restrictions were reaffirmed in the 1930 London Naval Treaty. As overall strains expanded, Japan and Italy left the arrangement structure in 1936. With the breakdown of the understanding, the US Navy initiated planning another, bigger kind of plane carrying warship and one which drew from the exercises gained from the Yorktown-class. The subsequent class was longer and more extensive just as incorporated a deck-edge lift. This had been utilized before on USS Wasp (CV-7). Notwithstanding conveying a bigger number of airplane, the new plan mounted an incredibly upgraded enemy of airplane combat hardware. Named the Essex-class, the lead transport, USS Essex (CV-9), was set down in April 1941. This was trailed by USS Oriskany (CV-18) which was set down on March 18, 1942, at Bethlehem Steels Fore River Ship Yard in Quincy, MA. Throughout the following eighteen months, the bearers body rose on the ways. In the fall of 1942, Oriskanys name was changed to Wasp to perceive the bearer of a similar name which had been torpedoed by I-19 in the Southwest Pacific. Propelled on August 17, 1943, Wasp entered the water with Julia M. Walsh, girl of Massachusetts Senator David I. Walsh, filling in as support. With World War II seething, laborers pushed to complete the bearer and it entered commission on November 24, 1943, with Captain Clifton A. F. Sprague in order. USS Wasp (CV-18) Overview Country: United StatesType: Aircraft CarrierShipyard: Bethlehem Steel - Fore River ShipyardLaid Down: March 18, 1942Launched: August 17, 1943Commissioned: November 24, 1943Fate: Scrapped 1973 Details Uprooting: 27,100 tonsLength: 872 ft.Beam: 93 ft.Draft: 34 ft., 2 in.Propulsion: 8 Ãâ€"boilers, 4 Ãâ€"Westinghouse outfitted steam turbines, 4 Ãâ€"shaftsSpeed: 33 knotsComplement: 2,600 men Deadly implement 4 Ãâ€"twin 5 inch 38 bore guns4 Ãâ€"single 5 inch 38 bore guns8 Ãâ€"fourfold 40 mm 56 gauge guns46 Ãâ€"single 20 mm 78 bore guns90-100 airplane Entering Combat Following an investigation voyage and changes in the yard, Wasp directed preparing in the Caribbean before withdrawing for the Pacific in March 1944. Showing up at Pearl Harbor toward the beginning of April, the transporter kept preparing then cruised for Majuro where it joined Vice Admiral Marc Mitschers Fast Carrier Task Force. Mounting attacks against Marcus and Wake Islands to test strategies in late May, Wasp started activities against the Marianas the next month as its planes struck Tinian and Saipan. On June 15, airplane from the bearer upheld Allied powers as they arrived in the initial activities of the Battle of Saipan. After four days, Wasp saw activity during the shocking American triumph at the Battle of the Philippine Sea. On June 21, the transporter and USS Bunker Hill (CV-17) were separated to wipe up escaping Japanese powers. Despite the fact that looking, they couldn't find the leaving adversary. War in the Pacific Moving north in July, Wasp assaulted Iwo Jima and Chichi Jima before coming back to the Marianas to dispatch strikes against Guam and Rota. That September, the bearer started activities against the Philippines before moving to help the Allied arrivals on Peleliu. Recharging at Manus after this crusade, Wasp and Mitschers transporters moved through the Ryukyus before striking Formosa toward the beginning of October. This done, the transporters started assaults against Luzon to get ready for General Douglas MacArthurs arrivals on Leyte. On October 22, two days after the arrivals started, Wasp left the territory to recharge at Ulithi. After three days, with the Battle of Leyte Gulf seething, Admiral William Bull Halsey guided the bearer to come back to the territory to give help. Dashing west, Wasp partook in the later activities of the fight before again leaving for Ulithi on October 28. The rest of the fall was spent working against the Philippines and in mid-December, the bearer endu red a serious tropical storm. Continuing activities, Wasp upheld arrivals at Lingayen Gulf, Luzon in January 1945, preceding partaking in an assault through the South China Sea. Steaming north in February, the bearer assaulted Tokyo before going to cover the attack of Iwo Jima. Staying in the territory for a few days, Wasps pilot gave ground backing to the Marines shorewards. In the wake of recharging, the bearer came back to Japanese waters in mid-March and started assaults against the home islands. Going under regular air assault, Wasp continued a serious bomb hit on March 19. Directing brief fixes, the team kept the boat operational for a few days before it was pulled back. Showing up at Puget Sound Navy Yard on April 13, Wasp stayed inert until mid-July. Completely fixed, Wasp steamed west July 12 and assaulted Wake Island. Rejoining the Fast Carrier Task Force, it again started assaults against Japan. These proceeded until the suspension of threats on August 15. After ten days, Wasp persevered through a subsequent tropical storm however it supported harm to its bow. With the finish of the war, the transporter cruised for Boston where it was fitted with additional facilities for 5,900 men. Put in administration as a major aspect of Operation Magic Carpet, Wasp cruised for Europe to help in returning American warriors home. With the finish of this obligation, it entered the Atlantic Reserve Fleet in February 1947. This latency demonstrated brief as it moved to the New York Navy Yard the next year for a SCB-27 transformation to permit it to deal with the US Navys new fly airplane. After war Years Joining the Atlantic Fleet in November 1951, Wasp crashed into USS Hobson five months after the fact and supported extreme harm to its bow. Immediately fixed, the transporter went through the year in the Mediterranean and directing preparing practices in the Atlantic. Moved to the Pacific in late 1953, Wasp worked in the Far East for a great part of the following two years. In mid 1955, it secured the clearing of the Tachen Islands by Nationalist Chinese powers before leaving for San Francisco. Entering the yard, Wasp experienced a SCB-125 transformation which saw the expansion of a calculated flight deck and a tropical storm bow. This work was done late that fall and the transporter continued activities in December. Coming back to the Far East in 1956, Wasp was redesignated as an antisubmarine fighting bearer on November 1. Moving to the Atlantic, Wasp spent the remainder of the decade leading routine tasks and activities. These included invasions into the Mediterranean and working with other NATO powers. Subsequent to supporting a United Nations airdrop in Congo during 1960, the transporter came back to ordinary obligations. In the fall of 1963, Wasp entered the Boston Naval Shipyard for a Fleet Rehabilitation and Modernization upgrade. Finished in mid 1964, it directed an European voyage soon thereafter. Coming back toward the East Coast it recuperated Gemini IV on June 7, 1965, toward the consummation of its spaceflight. Repeating this job, it recouped Geminis VI and VII that December. Subsequent to conveying the rocket to port, Wasp withdrew Boston in January 1966 for practices off Puerto Rico. Experiencing serious oceans, the transporter endured auxiliary harm and following an assessment at its goal before long returned north for fixes. After these were finished, Wasp continued typical exercises before recouping Gemini IX in June 1966. In November, the bearer again satisfied a job for NASA when it welcomed on board Gemini XII. Redesignd in 1967, Wasp stayed in the yard until mid 1968. Throughout the following two years, the transporter worked in the Atlantic while making a few journeys to Europe and taking an interest in NATO works out. These kinds of exercises proceeded into the mid 1970s when it was chosen to expel the Wasp from administration. In port at Quonset Point, RI for the last a long time of 1971, the bearer was officially decommissioned on July 1, 1972. Blasted from the Naval Vessel Register, Wasp was sold for scrap on May 21, 1973. Sources DANFS: USS Wasp (CV-18)NavSource: USS Wasp (CV-18)USS Wasp Association

Best Answers Questions Writing Tips

Best Answers Questions Writing Tips Answers for Essay Questions: Best Tips Home›Education Posts›Answers for Essay Questions: Best Tips Education PostsThe task that requires the students give answers for essay questions is regarded as one of the most challenging assignments provided by their teachers or professors at colleges or universities. It should be noted that such a type of assignment plays an essential role in evaluating the students’ understanding of the semester or term material given in classes or lectures. The following task requires that the students make thorough analysis and give answers for essay questions, develop clear arguments, provide corroborative evidence, and present concrete examples within the time limit set by their professor or teacher.In addition to our helpful writing hints and tips, you can always visit our website in order to have a close look at an essay question answer example on whatever topic or field of science. It should be noted that all examples presented on our website can be viewed free of charge. Unlike other online writing companies, we offer a unique Question Answer Service. If you buy questions answers from us you will be satisfied with the result provided by our highly experienced professionals. Then you can easily make a decision whether you are going to cooperate with our online custom writing company in the future.Below you can find our practical writing hints on how to give answers for essay questionsPractice Previous PapersIt is proven that in order to improve your writing skills, you should constantly look through all the previously written papers of yours. If you do this on a regular basis, you will be able to see and understand all your mistakes made. You can clearly comprehend how to give an answer to the question set, what approach is preferable, how to structure and present your answer in the best way possible, and what features your teacher or professor pays close attention to. Finding out all the needed information and making an an alysis of it enables you to write a high-quality piece of writing.Read Each of the Questions Set Very CarefullyWhen you are provided with a specific task, you can get worried or stressed, and thus, you can misread or misinterpret the questions given from the very beginning. By doing this, you can commence completing your answer and then suddenly realize that you committed a tremendous mistake, thus wasting your precious time. Even if you feel that you will fail to give answers for all the questions, do not panic and calm down. The best way for you in this situation is carefully to read through all the questions and choose those that you are 100% sure that you will be able to handle. Always keep in mind that quantity does not always imply quality. If you give detailed and outstanding answers to five questions out of ten, your teacher or professor will evaluate your efforts and the level of knowledge in a decent way.Manage the Time Set WiselyWhatever task you are working on, the time management is of great significance. Once you determine that you have a time limit for every question, you must strictly follow your plan. If you fail to follow your time management plan, you will not cope with all the questions and thus your assignment on time.It is recommended to leave some time to check or look through your answers and make corrections in case there is a need. Sometimes it may happen that the final correction can influence your mark or score.Structure Each of the AnswersAfter you have read the question, avoid immediately writing an answer to it. It is recommended to spend a few minutes on planning the structure of your future essay. By doing so, you will be able to save some time when you delve deeply into other complicated parts. Always follow the topic set or chosen; avoid jumping from one argument or point of view to the other one.All the written assignments have the same structure, which comprises three essential components, such as the introduction with a th esis statement, the main body, and the conclusion. Some students think that the conclusion is the most significant component that can guarantee the highest grade in case it is well written. It should be noted that each structural component is of great importance. The teachers or professors take into account the whole essay structure and not a single component only. %Want to order such type of writing? Our price starts at $11.99/page ORDER NOW Look into All the Sides of the Argument or ViewpointPresenting your arguments or points of view in the main body of your paper will provide the credibility of your opinion. It is advised that it is better to investigate all the sides of each argument or point of view and then clearly state your consideration in your piece of writing.In the majority of cases, your teachers or professors expect to see a well-structured essay and not just simple and direct answers. Avoid providing a one-sided viewpoint. Do your best to look into all possibilities and remember that the more you know, the better result can be.Review Each Answer Very ThoroughlyAccording to the statistics provided, many students simply hand in their works without checking them thoroughly. You should avoid making such a mistake. Always proofread and edit your work and try to correct either grammar or spelling mistakes where it is possible. You can also add some comments that you consider are worth stressing.Keep in mind that checking your work in a few last minutes can be of great significance and can contribute to your grade or score.Be Calm and FocusedWhenever you have to complete any written assignment, try to stay calm and concentrated. Always have only pleasant thoughts and convince yourself that you do know all the material and will cope with your task successfully.Give Only Clear AnswersWhatever the question you should answer, do this in an organized and clear way. Pay close attention to a thesis statement in the introductory part of your essay as it shoul d clearly state the goal of your work. Each paragraph in the main body should have an original topic sentence, which is to explain to your readers the key point that you are going to present in the paragraph. Always try finding a balance between each piece of evidence and argument provided in your writing assignment.Be as Concrete as Only PossibleIn order to provide clear and concrete answers for essay questions, you should attend all the classes and lectures. Secondly, you should study or look through all the sources or references provided by your teachers or professors. Last but not least, always try to search for novel information or material yourself to make a good impression on your teachers. 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The United Nations Targets For Ocean Sustainability

1. The United Nations targets for ocean sustainability are measurable when looking at 14.1, 14.2, 14.3, 14.4, 14.5 and 14.6. This is due to that fact that the United Nations is able to create a base level in order to look at the major contributors to these issues this can be then simplified as these contributors are the human population. For example, when look at target 14.3 which deals with the eminent of fossil fuels, fossil fuels are cause by production run by humans. Allowing humans to have control over how many fossil fuels they want to eminent on a daily basis. Another example of a target that can be measurable is 14.4 as it deals with the issue of over fishing and the use of fish stocks. This target is measurable as The United Nations is able to measure fish stocks and will be able to measure them ten years from now to see if the laws put in place are positively affecting our worlds oceans. They will be able to check the harvest growth pattern that the fish stocks provide in o rder to catch illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing. There are however targets under The Unites Nations goal that are not measurable this can be seen when looking at targets 14.7,14. a,14. b and 14.c. I believe that these goals are unable to be measured due to that fact for example in 14.7 there is no quantification in dollars or percentages as it is looking at economic benefits of developing states. When looking at the other targets they are to general and have no specific goal (i.e. date)Show MoreRelatedEnvironmental Impacts Of The Sustainability Goals976 Words   |  4 PagesIn order for the sustainability goals to be successful and meaningful, the targets must be measurable. By nature, some of the targets are more measurable than others. It is easy to measure those that are quantitative as the goals are very precise. Target 14.1, to reduce marine pollution of all kinds can be measured by surveying micro-plastic concentrations in seawater and marine life (Global Ocean Comm ission 2). Similarly, the goal of minimizing acidification can be measured by collecting pH samplesRead MoreThe Impacts Of Ocean Acidification1336 Words   |  6 Pages2020, sustainably manage and protect marine and coastal ecosystems to avoid significant adverse impacts, including by strengthening their resilience, and take action for their restoration, to achieve healthy and productive oceans 14.3 minimize and address the impacts of ocean acidification, including through enhanced scientific cooperation at all levels 14.4 by 2020, effectively regulate harvesting, and end overfishing, illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing and destructive fishing practicesRead MoreResult of Overfishing in the Pacific Ocean1381 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Over-fishing in the Pacific Ocean: As the human population continues to increase rapidly across the globe, the demand for food also continues to increase significantly. One of the major ways that humans have used to meet the ever-increasing demand for food is over-fishing, which has become a huge threat to every species in the ocean and has largely contributed to the huge migrations by marine mammals in their quest for the left over fish. While the use of fish by human beings is not wrong, theRead MoreThe United Nations ( Un ) Conference On Sustainable Development1236 Words   |  5 PagesThe United Nations (UN) Conference on Sustainable Development in 2012 led to the proposal for sustainable development goals. The focus of this paper will be on Goal 14, â€Å"Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development† (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, n.d.). Are the Targets Truly Measurable? The targets (1-7) of Goal 14 are designed to provide ways to monitor the progress of this goal. Generally, these targets do this, howeverRead MoreSustainable Development ( United Nations, 2015 )1078 Words   |  5 PagesGoal 14 addresses the issue of conserving and sustainably using the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development (United Nations, 2015). There are seven targets that are used to achieve success for this goal. The targets that are truly measurable are targets 14.1, 14.3, 14.5, 14.6 and 14.7. Target 14.1 is truly measurable because firstly, marine pollution in the form of debris visibly fills the oceans and seas and can therefore be tracked to see how the amount changes with everyRead MoreEnvironmental Impacts Of Ocean Acidification866 Words   |  4 PagesThis target is measurable. Most of the water pollution comes from source points (factories, wastewater, refineries) before they get released to the ocean. It is not possible to measure effectively t he pollution in the ocean but measuring the pollution outcome from the points sources is possible. This target is not measurable. It is instead a result that is led by various efforts (achieving other targets will indeed lead to that). This target is measurable but not directly. Ocean acidificationRead MoreEnvironmental Objectives Of The United Nations1074 Words   |  5 PagesThe United Nations has recently worked on establishing goals each with specific targets regarding sustainable development. Goal 14: Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development, and its associated targets will be analysed for measurability and thoroughness. Targets The 7 targets associated with goal 14 focus on 4 themes. Targets 1 and 3 focus on reducing pollution, targets 2 and 5 focus on protecting ecosystems, targets 4 and 6 focus on overfishingRead MoreThe Importance of Biodiversity Loss1087 Words   |  4 Pagesregion too warm for coral to survive), and pollution. The loss of the reefs adversely affects Caribbean economies, which depend largely on fishing and ecological maritime tourism to survive. 3) Studies in Singapore have concluded that the island nation has lost 73% of its native plants and animals in the past two hundred years, mostly as a result of habitat destruction, the introduction of foreign and invasive species, and hunting, and may lose 77% of the remaining species by the end of the centuryRead MoreThe Impacts of Overfishing in the Pacific Ocean3257 Words   |  13 Pagesï » ¿Research on Overfishing in the Pacific Ocean: The demand for food across the globe continues to increase as the human population continues to increase. For human populations, particularly people in the poorest countries across the globe, fish is an important source of nourishment and food given the increase in the demand for food. As a result, fisheries catches represent a huge export of energy and mass that can no longer be utilized by trophic levels that are higher than those fished. SinceRead MoreEssay on The Great Pacific Garbage Patch1288 Words   |  6 Pagesbeach can be astounding, a spectacular scene is not the only benefit oceans provide. Without the oceans, we would not have adequate amounts of oxygen to breathe or enough protein to eat. The Earths climate would not be inhabitable for human beings and many animals. The oceans supply medicines, food and drinking water which arise from ocean processes. Out of the five oceans, the Pacific Ocean is the world’s largest and deepest ocean. It spreads over an area of 165.2 million square kilometers. More than

New Theistic Natural Existentialism Essay - 1264 Words

Philosophy is an activity of thought and a study of wisdom. While not everyone may understand or comprehend philosophy, they do have their own philosophical perspective or view of the world. A â€Å"worldview† is a â€Å"commitment, a fundamental orientation of the heart, that can be expressed as a story or in a set of presuppositions that we hold about the basic constitution of reality, and that provides the foundation on which we live and move and have our own being† (Sire, 20). Worldviews consist of a prime reality, a nature of external reality, a definition of a human being, an explanation for what happens to humans when they die, an explanation for how it is possible to know anything, an explanation for how humans know right from wrong, and an†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"This also allows humans to have personality, self-transcendence, intelligence, morality, gregariousness, and creativity† (Sire, 35). God’s character is good. Therefore humans can feel what good is like and can decide whether or not to do evil. Every human is interconnected with each other and God but not all are aware of it. After death humans go to either heaven or hell. â€Å"For each person death is either the gate to life with God and his people or the gate to eternal separation from the only thing that will ultimately fulfill human aspirations† (Sire, 41).This depends on if they believe in the teachings of God and lived by them. It does not matter if an individual was never aware of the religion itself, just that they followed the same path. The meaning of humans’ historical relationship with God is that they can decide who what they want to be for themselves but may receive guidance from God if they are open to it. There is peace in living one moment at a time and perceiving everything in different ways. â€Å"None of which is any ‘truer’ than the other† (Sire, 197). The Bible is not only a record of this relationship but revelations from God about human nature. The information in the Bible is mostly not taken literally just religiously. If passages are taken literally then â€Å"their meaning is not in their facticity but in what they indicate about human nature and our relationship to GodShow MoreRelatedEthics and Worldviews1417 Words   |  6 Pagesof this inadequate understanding of God meant that the God of deism became simply â€Å"the clockmaker† of a closed universe closed to human reordering. In this closed universe, everything is as God planned it to be, and humanity is unf allen and in a natural state, for it would be an insult to the omniscient God to believe that He had made a mistake in the original plan. In terms of ethics, this universe and idea of God actually destroys any possibility of ethics. If whatever exists is as God plannedRead MoreHolly Golightly as an existential protagonist Essay1911 Words   |  8 Pagesboth American literature and classical, American cinema . With this analysis, Holly Golightly must be broken down to obtain a further glance into the numerous existential elements she inhibits. It may be normal darling: but Id rather be natural-Golightly. From the get go, Golightly expresses herself to the narrator like an open book. Her fears, insecurities, and wants are the basis of most conversations both these characters share. You know the days when you get the mean reds? The meanRead MoreThe Universe Next Door Essay1319 Words   |  6 PagesPurpose of book 1. outline basic worldviews underlying way we in west think about selves. 2. trace historically how worldviews have developed from breakdown in theistic worldview, moving in turn into deism, naturalism, nihilism, existentialism, eastern mysticism, new consciousness of New age and Islam recent infusion from Middle East. 3. show how postmodernism puts a twist on worldviews 4. encourage us all to think in terms of worldviews with consciousness of not only our own way ofRead MoreA Critical Analysis of Platos and Sartres Views on Existence1812 Words   |  8 Pagesresponsible for their actions. But if we are not in the position to choose our destiny as Plato held, then such belief will be incoherent. Jean Paul Sartre’s views on existence Jean- Paul Sartre was an exponent of existentialism as a philosophical position. Existentialism according to Stumpf and Fieser (2008: G-3)) â€Å"is a movement in twentieth philosophy which claims that people have no identity until they have made decisions and have chosen their work and have thereby defined themselves†.Read MoreExistentialism vs Essentialism23287 Words   |  94 PagesEssentialism vs. Existentialism Essentialism: A belief that things have a set of characteristics that make them what they are, amp; that the task of science and philosophy is their discovery amp; expression; the doctrine that essence is prior to existence While, Existentialism:A philosophical theory or approach, that emphasizes the existence of the individual person as a free amp; responsible agent, determining their own development through acts of the will. Existentialism * isRead MoreIndian English Novel17483 Words   |  70 PagesMulk Raj Anand in his Coolie, the imaginary village life with its entire unedited realities in R.K. Narayan`s Malgudi Days and last but not the least the aura of Gandhism depicted by Raja Rao in his remarkable novel Kanthapura portrayed a whole new India. The need of the `foreigners` depicting India amidst their write ups was not needed as Indians wanted to portray India through their Indian English. That was the beginning of the voyage and with time it gained maturity. Not just the daily lives

The Emerging field of nanoscale science, engineering and technology Free Essays

string(85) " cannot penetrate with ease individual atoms of the specimen because ions are large\." 1.0 Introduction The Emerging field of nanoscale science, engineering and technology – that is the ability to work at the atomic, molecular and supramolecular levels, to create large structures with fundamentally new properties and functions have lead to an unrivalled understanding and control over basic building blocks of all natural and man-made things [roco]. This rapid advancement has lead to an increased demand for technological development on a nanoscale, which has brought about the birth and improvement of infrastructural changes aimed at representing and observing these features. We will write a custom essay sample on The Emerging field of nanoscale science, engineering and technology or any similar topic only for you Order Now The world wide focus over this time has been the evolution of methods including SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope), TEM (Transmission Electron Microscope), FIB (Focus Ion Beam) etcetera for the detailing of features at the nanoscale. 1.1 History of the Focus Ion Beam (FIB) Technology Focus Ion Beam (FIB) systems have been commercially produced, mostly for manufacturers of large semiconductors for about 20 years [www.fibics.com]. In 1982, Anazawa et al. produced a 35Kv Ga- source and about three years later Orloff and Sudruad proposed FIB system for implantation and lithography [sudruad], even though as of 1959, Feyman had suggested the use of ion beams [www.nanofib.com]. In 1985, Kato et al. have pointed out the advantages of the FIB technology in the fabrication of sub-micro structures. 1.2 Operational Overview The operation of the FIB are same as that of SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope), except that the focus ion beam system employs the use of focussed beam of ions instead of beam of electrons utilised in the SEM systems[]. Commercialised nanoscience is limited by availability of tools. Using focussed ion beam system allows specified fabrication and imaging abilities which reduces greatly the characterization cycles and development required in the nano-technological field by scientist. The capabilities within focus ion beam ( FIB) are valued highly for rapid prototyping application. The deposition combination / direct etching of FIB in combination with digitally addressed patterning system allows nano prototyping engine with capabilities that will help researches in nano technology , because the operation of FIB is on both micro and nano scale, it can be used in creating the required structures. FIB has precised control over deposition and milling parameter and as such, it is the proper tool for creating small structures for nano technology in the top –down approach. It is a highly flexible, mask-less technique which is fast for serial techniques, thus allowing the FIB instrument very efficient for design modifications. Most conventional methods of sample preparation used today in life sciences are compatible with investigations by using FIB. 1.3 Using Focus Ion Beam Systems The direct applicability obtained in using FIB instrument is highly relevant in industrial applications. FIB instrument and its application have contributed immensely to industrial researches carried out in several analysis laboratories – For instance in the polymer industry, metallurgy industry, nuclear research etcetera. The ability to image, mill and deposit material by using FIB instrument depends largely on the nature of the ion beam- solid interactions. Milling occurs as a result of physical sputtering of the target. In understanding the mechanism of sputtering we need to consider the interaction between an ion beam and the target. Sputtering usually takes place when there is elastic collision in series when momentum is transferred from the incident ions to the target atoms in the region of collision cascade. Ionization of a portion of the ejected atoms can be collected for mass analysis or image formation. Production of plasmons (in metals), phonons and emission of seco ndary electrons can occur as a result of inelastic scattering. Imaging in the focus ion beam is carried out by detecting the secondary ions/electrons typically, sputtering in focus ion beam processes occurs within energy ranges that are dominated by nuclear energy losses. Focus Ion beam devices are used to scan the surfaces of samples using simple focussed ion beams. The detection of secondary ions allows the processed surface of samples and microscopic images to be observed. The ion beam is generated by using liquid metal ion source (LMIS) when a beam of ion is irradiated on the surface of a specimen by finding the secondary ions with a detector – a two dimensional distribution which shows the microscopic images of the surface of the specimen can be observed. 1.4 The Focus Ion Beam Instrument The Operation of the FIB technology uses a similar principle as the SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) / TEM (Transmission Electron Microscope) but differs in the use of ions and this introduces consequences of enormous magnitude for interaction which occur at the surface of the specimen. Using Focus Ion Beam (FIB) instrument involves two major parameters – penetration of ion into material and the rate of sputtering of ion of the material. When the emitted liquid metal ion source (LMIS) primary ion beam hits the surface of the specimen, it splutters a small amount of material this will leave the specimen surface as either neutral atoms or secondary ions – Secondary beams are also produced using the primary beam. Signals from the sputtered ion or secondary electron are collected to produce an image as the primary beam raster on the specimen surface. Liquid metal ion source (LMIS) development is crucial for the development of Focus Ion Beam (FIB) [www.dspace.cam.ac.uk] , application of electric field that are very high into a steering quadrupole, octupole deflector, two electrostatic lenses in the column to focus ions in a beam and scan the beam on the specimen. Liquid metal ions source (LMIS) generates ions; these ions are focussed on electrostatic lenses. When specimen surfaces are bombarded using ions that have been extracted from the liquid metal ion source (LMIS) this generates ions, secondary electron and sputtered material and the various generated items serve different purpose in the focus ion beam. At high primary currents a large amount of material can be removed by sputtering thus allowing precision milling of the specimen down to the submicron scale, while less material is removed at low primary beam currents. The use of ions in focus ion beam instruments means that they cannot penetrate with ease individual atoms of the specimen because ions are large. You read "The Emerging field of nanoscale science, engineering and technology" in category "Essay examples" So interaction usually occurs within outer shell interaction which causes chemical band breakage of the substrate atom and atomic ionization. Inner shell electrons of the specimen cannot be reached by an incoming ion. The probability of an interaction with atoms that are within the specimen is much higher because of the large ion size and this result in rapid loss of energy of the ion. This means that the depth of penetration is much lower. It should be noted that the main advantage of the Focus Ion beam is its ability to produce image of the sample after which it mills the sample precisely away from the areas that are selected[ ]. 1.41 Ions in Operation Ions are slower when paired to electrons for the same energy, because they are much heavier as a result Lorenz force is lower, so the use of magnetic lenses is less effective, and as such the focussed ion beam instrument is equipped with electro static lenses. Ions are positive, slow, large and heavy; so the resulting ion beam will remove atoms from the substrate and because the size, beam position and dwell time are well controlled, it can be used in the removal of materials locally in a manner that is highly controlled down to the nanoscale. As a result of the actions due to the ions used in the Focus ion beam instrument, fabrication and imaging functions are derived. The fabrication function occurs due to the sputtering while the imaging function arises due to the ions and secondary electrons. 1.42 Gallium (Ga+) Ions The gallium ions are used in the focus ion beam (FIB) instruments for the following reasons [fei]; Due to its surface potential it exhibits very high brightness, the tip sharpness, the flow properties of the gun and the gun construction which results in field emission and ionization. This is an important result for the focussed ion beam. It should be noted that whatever chosen material should be ionized before the formation of the beam and then accelerated. The element Gallium is metallic and because of its low melting temperature is a very convenient material for compact gun construction with limited heating. Gallium is the centre of the periodic table and exhibits an optimal momentum transfer capability for a wide range of materials, lithium which is a higher element will not be sufficient in milling of heavier elements. Gallium element has low analytical interference 2.0 Focus Ion Beam System In the figure below, the FEJ 200 series type F113 of the FIB system is represented. In the figure are the various components of the system which includes the column, the specimen chamber and the detector; 2.1The Column This is situated above the specimen chambers. It is made up of two electrostatic lenses, a set of beam blanking plates, liquid metal ion source (LMIS), a beam acceptance aperture, steering quadrupole, beam defining aperture and an octupole deflector. 2.2 Lens System Coming from the source, the beam goes through a beam acceptance aperture after which it goes into the first lens. Above the beam- defining aperture (BDA), the quadrapole adjust the position of the beam in a manner as to allow the beam move through the center of the beam-defining aperture (BDA). The beam is aligned to the optical axis of the second lens’ quadrapole. Beam astigmatism correction, shift and scanning is provided by the octupole which is positioned below the second lens. Between the second lens assembly and the second lenses steering quadrapole we have the beam blanking assembly. This is made up of aperture and electrical path and blanking plates. Beam blanking provides specimens with protections against constant milling. 2.3 Generation of Image The primary beam is scanned as a raster across the specimen and it is made up of lines in vertical axis (shifted slightly from one another) and lies in the horizontal (in series). With scanning of the beam over the specimen the secondary ions and the secondary electrons that are generated by the specimen are detected. Details of this information are stored in the computer and images are produced from these information. 2.4 Detector, Stage and Gas Injection Control of rotation and X and Y axis is performed by software and it can be tilted to the XY plane manually. Gases of two types are evolved above the surface of the specimen at about 100Â µm of distance. One of these gases is used for platinum deposition and the other for enhanced etch. During bombardment of ion in milling, species that are charged are formed and they are attracted to the detector. A glass of millions of arrays of minute channel electron multiplier is the detector; it is a micro channel plate (MCP). 2.5 Liquid Metal Ion Source (LMIS) LMIS is made of a needle emitter which has an end radius of 1 – 10Â µm. It is coated with high surface tension metal which at its melting point has a low vapour pressure. This emitter is subjected to heating till the melting point of the metal is attained. A positive high voltage is placed on it. Using the balance between the surface tension forces and the electrostatic the liquid metal is drawn into a conical shape. The source that is commonly used is Gallium [dspace.mit.edu]. 2.5 Milling By using the scan control system, polygons, circles and lines can be milled. The table below represents the different beam currents and their corresponding milling spot sizes. The figure below gives us the pixel size and milling spot size and the beam overlap. The overlap can be expressed as the overlapped area where the beam moves from a position to the other. And the time where the beam remains in a position is known as the dwell time. 2.7 Sample Preparation The three main strategies used in the focus ion beam sample preparation of specimen that will be inspected using TEM are: Ex situ lift-out (EXLO) preparation (Centre Image), H-Bar sample preparation (Left image) and In Situ lift-out (INLO) preparation (Right image) [info.omniprobe.com/blog/bid] 2.8 Imaging When ion beam is scanned on the surface of the specimen, it causes ions and electrons to be ejected. After scanning through the surface of the specimen the primary Gallium ion penetrate into the surface of the specimen. The depth of the penetration varies from one material to the other. The secondary electron yield is much higher than secondary ion yield during ion milling and thus is the reason why focus ion beam is usually used in the secondary electron mode. Secondary ions and secondary electrons are obtained within regions that are closer the surface of the specimen. 3.0 Conclusion In their work on the future of focus ion beam, the ORSAYPHYSICS group has shown that field of focus ion beam is open to expansion. Their projections with regards the extent to which focus ion beam can be deployed is shown in the figure below: Fig. Current and Future FIB Technologies Source: http://www.felmi-zfe.tugraz.at/FIB/WS3_Beitraege/01%20Sudraud.pdf The use of FIB has been developed extensively over the years in applications like super conductor, field emission device, accelerometer etcetera. Armed with imaging capability of high resolution as its recently upgraded technologies, the focus ion beam (FIB) instrument is indeed technology that is providing solutions to problems that has been previously unresolved. This heralds the focus ion beam (FIB) instrument as an important device for the future in the nano science, technology and engineering environment. How to cite The Emerging field of nanoscale science, engineering and technology, Essay examples

Screenwriters and Web 2.0 Talentville.com

SCREENWRITERS AND WEB 2.0: TALENTVILLE.COM Since the very beginning of blogging (I’m talking Livejournal and DiaryLand days), writers have been using the web to showcase their talent and get their names out into the world. Then came socialnetworking: The now-obsolete Makeout Club and Friendster. Myspace. And the most popular kid on the block, Facebook. Now entrepreneurs are extending social networks to writers. Take talentville.com, which debuted a few weeks ago. Talentville is the brainchild of Ben Cahan (who was also a developer for FinalDraft, the Hollywood-approved standard screenwriting software), and it combines two not-so-new ideas: writers and social networking. The website is billed as â€Å"The online city for creative minds† – and while the home page says that screenwriters, novelists, playwrights, and storytellers all have a space at Talentville, I’m guessing that the site is optimized mainly for screenwriters. But the site itself looks pretty cool: Users start a profile for themselves, then they upload their work into forums for others to review. Users can browse a library of user-generated content, network with other writers, and (per the site’s â€Å"About† page) maybe even get your screenplay scouted by an agent or industry professional. Quick note: Talentville makes sure that writers’ intellectual property is protected through encryption, viewing and printing controls, and an audit trail of who has read your work (sigh of relief). While Talentville is new and still building its member base (some of the website’s capabilities still aren’t up and running yet), it seems to have a lot of potential, especially for newbie writers: Think of it as a resource for feedback and peer reviews – globally.